Mathematics & Science Formulas

Essential formulas for algebra, geometry, calculus, physics, and chemistry

Algebra
Quadratic Formula

x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / 2a


Laws of Exponents

aᵐ × aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ

(aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿ

aᵐ / aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ


Logarithms

logₐ(xy) = logₐx + logₐy

logₐ(x/y) = logₐx - logₐy

logₐ(xⁿ) = n·logₐx


Binomial Theorem

(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²

(a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²

(a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³

Geometry
Perimeter

Square: P = 4s

Rectangle: P = 2(l + w)

Circle: C = 2πr


Area

Square: A = s²

Rectangle: A = l × w

Triangle: A = ½ × b × h

Circle: A = πr²

Trapezoid: A = ½(b₁ + b₂)h


Volume

Cube: V = s³

Sphere: V = (4/3)πr³

Cylinder: V = πr²h

Cone: V = (1/3)πr²h


Pythagorean Theorem

a² + b² = c²

Trigonometry
Basic Ratios

sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse

cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse

tan θ = opposite/adjacent


Pythagorean Identities

sin²θ + cos²θ = 1

1 + tan²θ = sec²θ

1 + cot²θ = csc²θ


Double Angle Formulas

sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

cos 2θ = cos²θ - sin²θ

tan 2θ = (2 tan θ)/(1 - tan²θ)


Law of Sines & Cosines

a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C

c² = a² + b² - 2ab cos C

Calculus
Derivatives

d/dx (xⁿ) = n·xⁿ⁻¹

d/dx (eˣ) = eˣ

d/dx (ln x) = 1/x

d/dx (sin x) = cos x

d/dx (cos x) = -sin x


Integrals

∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C

∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C

∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C


Product Rule

d/dx (uv) = u·dv/dx + v·du/dx


Chain Rule

dy/dx = dy/du × du/dx

Physics
Kinematics

v = u + at

s = ut + ½at²

v² = u² + 2as


Newton's Laws

F = ma (Force = mass × acceleration)

p = mv (Momentum)


Energy & Work

W = F × d (Work)

KE = ½mv² (Kinetic Energy)

PE = mgh (Potential Energy)


Electricity & Magnetism

V = IR (Ohm's Law)

P = IV (Power)

F = qE (Electric Force)

Chemistry
Mole Formulas

n = mass / molar mass

n = volume / 22.4 L (STP)

n = C × V (Concentration)


Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT


pH & pOH

pH = -log[H⁺]

pOH = -log[OH⁻]

pH + pOH = 14


Rate of Reaction

Rate = k[A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ


Arrhenius Equation

k = Ae⁻ᴱᵃ/ᴿᵀ

Statistics
Mean, Median, Mode

Mean = Σx / n


Standard Deviation

σ = √[Σ(x - μ)² / N]


Probability

P(A) = favorable outcomes / total outcomes

P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B) (independent)


Binomial Probability

P(X=k) = C(n,k) × pᵏ × (1-p)ⁿ⁻ᵏ


Z-Score

Z = (X - μ) / σ